Flower-Visiting Insects and Birds
of Foxglove Penstemon
Penstemon digitalis (Foxglove Penstemon)
(Long-tongued bees suck nectar or pollen; short-tongued bees collect pollen; beetles & Syrphid flies feed on either pollen or stray pollen [fsp]; butterflies & moths suck nectar & are probably non-pollinating; some wasps and the Large Carpenter bee perforate the flowers [prf], suck nectar from perforated flowers [sn@prf], and are non-pollinating; the oligolectic Penstemon wasp sucks nectar and collects pollen; hummingbirds suck nectar; observations are from Robertson, Clinebell & Bernhardt, Crosswhite & Crosswhite, Hilty, MacRae, and Wilhelm & Rericha)
Birds
Trochilidae: Archilochus colubris sn (Rb, H, WR)
Bees (long-tongued)
Apidae (Apinae): Apis mellifera sn (Rb, WR); Apidae (Bombini): Bombus auricomus sn (Rb, WR), Bombus bimaculatus sn fq (CB, WR), Bombus fraternus sn fq (CB), Bombus griseocollis sn fq (CB, WR), Bombus impatiens sn fq (Rb, CB, WR), Bombus nevadensis sn fq (CB), Bombus pensylvanicus sn (Rb, CB), Bombus vagans sn (Rb); Anthophoridae (Anthophorini): Anthophora abrupta sn cp fq (Rb, WR), Anthophora terminalis sn cp fq (Rb, CB, WR), Anthophora ursina sn cp fq (Rb); Anthophoridae (Ceratinini): Ceratina spp. cp fq (CB), Ceratina calcarata (WR), Ceratina dupla dupla cp (Rb, WR), Ceratina mikmaqi (WR), Ceratina strenua (WR); Anthophoridae (Eucerini): Synhalonia hamata sn fq (CB), Synhalonia rosae sn fq (Rb), Synhalonia speciosa sn fq (Rb); Anthophoridae (Xylocopini): Xylocopa virginica prf sn@prf np fq (H, WR); Megachilidae (Megachilini): Megachile brevis brevis sn (Rb, WR), Megachile montivaga sn (Rb); Megachilidae (Osmiini): Hoplitis pilosifrons sn cp fq (Rb, CB, WR), Hoplitis producta (WR), Osmia spp. cp fq (CB), Osmia albiventris (CC), Osmia bucephala (WR), Osmia collinsiae cp olg (WR), Osmia distincta sn cp fq olg (Rb, CC, WR), Osmia proxima (CC), Osmia pumila sn (Rb, CC), Osmia simillima (CC)
Bees (short-tongued)
Halictidae (Halictinae): Agapostemon virescens cp (Rb), Augochlorella aurata (WR), Augochlorella persimilis (WR), Augochlorella striata cp fq (CB), Halictus rubicundus (WR), Lasioglossum spp. cp fq (CB), Lasioglossum anomalum (WR), Lasioglossum apocyni (WR), Lasioglossum coriaceum cp (Rb), Lasioglossum paradmirandum (WR), Lasioglossum pilosum pilosum cp (Rb, WR), Lasioglossum pruinosum cp (Rb), Lasioglossum versatum cp (Rb); Colletidae (Hylaeinae): Hylaeus spp. cp (CB)
Wasps
Vespidae (Eumeninae): Euodynerus foraminatus prf sn@prf np (Rb), Stenodynerus anormis sn@prf np (Rb); Vespidae (Masarinae): Pseudomasaris occidentalis sn cp olg (CB)
Flies
Syrphidae: Toxomerus marginatus fsp np (Rb); Bombyliidae: Bombylius validus (WR)
Butterflies
Pieridae: Colias philodice sn np (Rb); Papilionidae: Papilio troilus sn np (Rb, CB)
Moths
Sphingidae: Hyles lineata sn np (Rb)
Beetles
Buprestidae: Acmaeodera tubulus (McR); Scarabaeidae (Cetonniae): Trichiotinus piger fp np (Rb)